Biography of the Wealthy Painter Peter Paul Rubens

Biography of the Wealthy Painter Peter Paul Rubens Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter, best known for his extravagant European style of painting. He managed to synthesize a number of factors, from the masters of the Renaissance and the early Baroque. He led a charmed life. He was attractive, well-educated, a born courtier and, by dint of talent, had a virtual lock on the portrait market in northern Europe. He was knighted, feted, grew fabulously wealthy from commissions and died before he outlived his talent. Early Life Rubens was born on June 28, 1577, in Siegen, a German province of Westphalia, where his Protestant-leaning lawyer father had relocated the family during the Counter-Reformation. Noting the boys lively intelligence, his father personally saw that young Peter received a classical education. Rubens mother, who may not have shared an affinity for the Reformation, moved her family back to Antwerp (where she owned a modest property) in 1567 after her husbands untimely death. At the age of 13, at a time when the familys remaining resources went to provide his elder sister with a marriage dowry, Rubens was sent to be a page in the home of the Countess of Lalaing. The polished manners he picked up there served him well in the years ahead, but after some (unhappy) months he got his mother to apprentice him to a painter. By 1598, he had joined the painters guild. His Art From 1600 to 1608, Rubens lived in Italy, at the service of the Duke of Mantua. During this time he carefully studied the works of the Renaissance masters. Upon his return to Antwerp, he became the court painter to the Spanish governors of Flanders and subsequently to Charles I of England (who, in fact, knighted Rubens for diplomatic work) and Marie de Medici, Queen of France. The more well-known works he turned out during the next 30 years included The Elevation of the Cross (1610), The Lion Hunt (1617-18), and Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (1617). His court portraits were in great demand, as he frequently placed their subjects in juxtaposition with gods and goddesses of mythology to better acknowledge the lofty positions of nobility and royalty. He painted religious and hunting themes, as well as landscapes, but is best known for his oft-unclothed figures who seemed to swirl in movement. He loved portraying girls with meat on their bones, and middle-aged women everywhere thank him to this day. Rubens famously said,  My talent is such that no undertaking, however vast in size...has ever surpassed my courage. Rubens, who had more requests for work than time, grew wealthy, amassed a collection of art and owned a mansion in Antwerp and a country estate. In 1630, he married his second wife (the first had died some years before), a 16-year-old girl. They spent a happy decade together before gout brought on heart failure and ended Rubens life on May 30, 1640, in the Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium). The Flemish Baroque carried on with his successors, most of whom (particularly Anthony van Dyke) he had trained. Important Works The Massacre of the Innocents, 1611The Hippopotamus Hunt, 1616The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, 1617Diana and Callisto, 1628The Judgment of Paris, 1639Self Portrait, 1639

Hooray, hooray! It’s Presidents Day!

Hooray, hooray! It’s Presidents Day! Hooray, Hooray! It’s Presidents Day! Whether you think of  Presidents Day as a patriotic celebration of our country’s political leadership, or just a day off from work and/or school, it’s surely a good time to reflect on the educational legacy of President Washington and his successors. By â€Å"educational legacy† here, we don’t mean the policies they introduced while in office or donations made to colleges; we’re interested in what our presidents were like as students. Harry Truman, College Dropout Not every president has been a â€Å"classic† educational role model, with many not graduating at all. The most recent was Harry Truman, who dropped out of business school after only one semester. To be fair, he did drop out because of his family’s financial problems rather than a lack of interest in learning. And he did later become president. So he must have been doing something right. A Very Different Playbook Would history have differed much had Gerald Ford accepted one of the two offers he received from NFL clubs after graduating from the University of Michigan? Courtesy Gerald R. Ford Library. It’s hard to say, but he managed to help the Wolverines to national titles in 1932 and 1933, as well as winning the team’s MVP award in his senior year. Whether his skills as a linebacker were at all useful in office, we can only guess. Skull and Bones Yale University’s â€Å"Skull and Bones† society is notorious for its secrecy and elitism, inviting only the most powerful students to join. This has so far included three future presidents: William Howard Taft, George H. W. Bush, and George Bush Jr. Apparently, the initiation ritual for new members involves divulging â€Å"intimate personal details, including their full sexual histories.† Sounds fine to us. After all, there’s no way giving away sensitive personal information could possibly pose a terrible blackmail risk. If there was, they wouldn’t do it, right? Right? Go Team President! On a lighter note, four future presidents have spent their college days cheerleading, including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. Wait, George Bush Jr was a cheerleader and a member of Skull and Bones? When did the man find time to study? Maybe he just didn’t bother. That’s â€Å"Dr. Woodrow,† Thank You Out of the 43 people who’ve been president, one stands out for his educational achievements: Dr. Woodrow Wilson, PhD. The only president to have a college doctorate, Wilson earned a PhD in political science from John Hopkins University, producing a dissertation called â€Å"Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics.† He later went on to teach at Bryn Mawr College. So although Woodrow might be better known for his achievements as 28th President of the United States, from now on we’ll think of him first as an academic high-achiever. Happy Presidents Day!

Quantitative Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative Analysis - Assignment Example He also discovered that this relationship depended on the level of school, subgroup status, and the location of the school. He further conducted a repeat of this study using the White’s (1982) meta-analysis to assess whether the socioeconomic achievement relationship improved since the first publication of White’s (1982) meta-analysis. The findings of this analysis indicated a small decrease in the mean correlation. He further discussed the future implication of this research and future areas of research (Sirin, 2005). Literature review Literature review can be defined as an account of what other researchers have published on the topic under investigation (Keyton, 2011). It is a critical assessment of what other researchers have done in relation to the topic under investigation. It also discusses a topic in a given area of research (Keyton, 2011). At the beginning of this research, the research presented a background of what other researchers conducted in relation to me ta-analysis. Keyton (2011) mentions researchers such as Bornstein & Bradley, 2003; Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997; Coleman, 1988; McLoyd, 1998, who stated that the socioeconomic factor is a common variable in education research. Information presented in the review indicated that since the inception of White (1982), most of education researches have focused the relation between socioeconomic factors and students achievement. Other factors revealed from the review are different types of socioeconomic factors and students’ academic achievement. The literature review was well conducted in that the researcher was in a position to present relevant information in relation to knowledge gap describing what he intended to do differently from what others conducted (Sirin, 2005). The literature review presented covered enough scope in this area of investigation because the researcher presented what was conducted before, and what he intended to do with his study. Methodology In the research m ethodology, the researcher conducted the following procedures; he applied a measure of socioeconomic status and students’ academic achievement and made a report on quantitative information in satisfactory statistical information for computation of relationships between socioeconomic status and student academic achievement. The sample selected in the research study included students from kindergarten grades through students from grade 12. The sample also included other students’ participants from the United States (Sirin, 2005). The researcher used several computer explores and manual research to obtain the best conceivable reports to represent the big number of current research studies on socioeconomic status and student academic achievement. The Education Resources Information Center, Sociological Abstracts, and PsycINFO were used in this study as computerized search engines (Sirin, 2005). Search terms like socioeconomic status, social economic class, social status, i ncome disadvantages, and the level of poverty were used to search the socioeconomic status of the students. The researcher used terms such as success achievement, and students’ performance to search for students’ academic achievement (Sirin, 2005). The two Boolean operators were developed to describe the relationship between academic achievements. All information from the database was searched from

Textbook chapter summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Textbook chapter summary - Assignment Example If a party breaks a rule or goes against the contract then a legal action is taken against it and the effected party is provided with the remedies. These remedies are designed to compensate the damage or loss the party has bore. Both the parties should pursue these aspects of obligations and remedies formulated by the law, while making a contract. The main obligation of the contract is the tender of delivery according to which the lessee is bound to deliver the goods according to the contract. The time should be flexible for the delivery. A perfect tender rule is where the buyer is allowed to reject or accept the whole shipment or a part of it within a reasonable time. The buyer or lessee has a right to withhold the delivery or the payment if anyone of them is breaching the contract or the payment is not made in due time. Both can reclaim the supplies if needed according to some specific situations. Both have the right to recover the purchase price or the damages under specific condi tions. In case of lost or missing goods the lessee could sue for the recovery of lost profit. In chapter 19 the warranties and product liabilities and its implications are being discussed. A warranty made by the seller confirms the liability and the standard of his product. If it’s a food product then the warranty implies that the food is good for human consumption and the law implies it. The chapter talks about the language that should be used in order to claim the warranty or the product liability and the terms in which the claim is applicable. A noticeable point raised in the chapter is the fact that manufacturer’s responsibility of providing quality products to the customers does not end after distributing the product to retailers and wholesalers. Instead, manufacturers should monitor the selling technique of the retailers and wholesalers and ensure

Sexual Harrrasment Policy Essay Example for Free

Sexual Harrrasment Policy Essay Abstract Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwelcomed by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment can be unwelcome sexual advances, disparaging or insulting remarks, verbal or physical conduct of an improper nature. This paper is based on research of different company’s harassment policy by team members to access the basic components of sexual harassment policy and complain procedure and how effective it is according to the EEOC. Findings indicated that most of the company’s sexual harassment and complain policy is in according to the EEOC. The results were that one of the company’s policies was found to be rather vague and the other results were that the policy and complain procedure was clear and thorough. Finally, this paper will outline the basic elements on sexual harassment policies of different companies and what they contain. Sexual Harassment Policy 3 Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment is illegal and wrongful. Sexual harassment should be prohibited in the workplace. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines sexual harassment as â€Å" unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, submission to or rejections of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual or such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. † If an individual performs any form of conduct that will interfere with an employee’s job performance or create a hostile environment should be illegal and unaccepted in the workplace. Employers should maintain a safe and healthy work environment for their employees. The company is to maintain a work environment free of all forms of harassment and insist all employees be treated with dignity, respect, and courtesy. There are a lot of sexual harassment policies that are located on the different websites, and on employee’s information board. The policy should be accessible to all employees to view at any time. If an employee cannot find their company’s sexual harassment policy, they can contact their HR Director for a copy of the policy. And your supervisor or your manager can, also, help you to locate your company’s sexual harassment policy. The sexual harassment policy for most of the companies that were researched met the basic components as listed by the EEOC. In the state of California, they are very strict when it comes Sexual Harassment Policy 4 to sexual harassment and you could be fired and could have charges brought up on you. One of the companies’s maintained a zero tolerance policy for both sexual harassment and for retaliation. And the company prohibits retaliation against anyone for reporting discriminating activity, registering a complaint pursuant to the policy, assisting in making discrimination complaint or cooperating in an investigation. Another company protects the rights and confidentiality of the employee that has filed harassment claims and is resolved in a timely manner. This company also has complaint procedures to resolve complaints at the lowest levels and when they are advised of complain the company deems resolution and follows the appropriate steps and action to resolve complaint. Employers are legally obligated to take steps to prevent discrimination and harassment and to investigate and act quickly if a complaint is made (England, 2012). But, one company’s policy wasn’t very detailed, it only detailed that sexual harassment will not be tolerated against employees. And the company’s policy did not contain the steps that one need to file a complaint, the company did not give a clear definition and didn’t guarantee the confidentiality of the victim. It is the managers and supervisors responsibility to adhere to, implement and enforce the policies that their company have in place to prevent harassment in the workplace. In one of the company’s policy it stated that the managers and supervisors have as one of their responsibilities is to promote a harassment-free environment. So, at this company their policy is being enforced. Sexual harassment policy should be communicated in the workplace at least once a year through proper training. And during these training sessions, you should train employees on what sexual harassment is and what rights they have as employees. And promote to them that they have a right to a safe, healthy workplace free of sexual harassment. And companies should make Sexual Harassment Policy 5 sure that this policy is explained by HR upon being hired. As an HR professional, these policies should be displayed in a visual area where employees may view. HR can have team meetings with the managers reinforcing the importance of these policies that they need to implement at their workplace and review the company’s complaint procedure and encourage employees to use it. Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of nay employee should not be prohibited in the workplace. Sexual Harassment Policy 6 References: Brady, B. (206) Practical Human Resources Tips, News Advice. HR Daily Advisor England, Deboah C. (2012) Preventing Employment Discrimination and Sexual Harassment. Johnson, David R (2013). An Employees Guide to Preventing Sexual Harassment Claims. Pg. 3 www. eeoc. gov/policy Sexual Harassment Policy 1 Sexual Harassment Policy 2 Abstract Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwelcomed by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment can be unwelcome sexual advances, disparaging or insulting remarks, verbal or physical conduct of an improper nature. This paper is based on research of different company’s harassment policy by team members to access the basic components of sexual harassment policy and complain procedure and how effective it is according to the EEOC. Findings indicated that most of the company’s sexual harassment and complain policy is in according to the EEOC. The results were that one of the company’s policies was found to be rather vague and the other results were that the policy and complain procedure was clear and thorough. Finally, this paper will outline the basic elements on sexual harassment policies of different companies and what they contain. Sexual Harassment Policy 3 Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment is illegal and wrongful. Sexual harassment should be prohibited in the workplace. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines sexual harassment as â€Å" unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, submission to or rejections of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual or such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. † If an individual performs any form of conduct that will interfere with an employee’s job performance or create a hostile environment should be illegal and unaccepted in the workplace. Employers should maintain a safe and healthy work environment for their employees. The company is to maintain a work environment free of all forms of harassment and insist all employees be treated with dignity, respect, and courtesy. There are a lot of sexual harassment policies that are located on the different websites, and on employee’s information board. The policy should be accessible to all employees to view at any time. If an employee cannot find their company’s sexual harassment policy, they can contact their HR Director for a copy of the policy. And your supervisor or your manager can, also, help you to locate your company’s sexual harassment policy. The sexual harassment policy for most of the companies that were researched met the basic components as listed by the EEOC. In the state of California, they are very strict when it comes Sexual Harassment Policy 4 to sexual harassment and you could be fired and could have charges brought up on you. One of the companies’s maintained a zero tolerance policy for both sexual harassment and for retaliation. And the company prohibits retaliation against anyone for reporting discriminating activity, registering a complaint pursuant to the policy, assisting in making discrimination complaint or cooperating in an investigation. Another company protects the rights and confidentiality of the employee that has filed harassment claims and is resolved in a timely manner. This company also has complaint procedures to resolve complaints at the lowest levels and when they are advised of complain the company deems resolution and follows the appropriate steps and action to resolve complaint. Employers are legally obligated to take steps to prevent discrimination and harassment and to investigate and act quickly if a complaint is made (England, 2012). But, one company’s policy wasn’t very detailed, it only detailed that sexual harassment will not be tolerated against employees. And the company’s policy did not contain the steps that one need to file a complaint, the company did not give a clear definition and didn’t guarantee the confidentiality of the victim. It is the managers and supervisors responsibility to adhere to, implement and enforce the policies that their company have in place to prevent harassment in the workplace. In one of the company’s policy it stated that the managers and supervisors have as one of their responsibilities is to promote a harassment-free environment. So, at this company their policy is being enforced. Sexual harassment policy should be communicated in the workplace at least once a year through proper training. And during these training sessions, you should train employees on what sexual harassment is and what rights they have as employees. And promote to them that they have a right to a safe, healthy workplace free of sexual harassment. And companies should make Sexual Harassment Policy 5 sure that this policy is explained by HR upon being hired. As an HR professional, these policies should be displayed in a visual area where employees may view. HR can have team meetings with the managers reinforcing the importance of these policies that they need to implement at their workplace and review the company’s complaint procedure and encourage employees to use it. Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of nay employee should not be prohibited in the workplace. Sexual Harassment Policy 6 References:

Romeo and Juliet Victims of Fate :: Free Essay Writer

Romeo and Juliet Victims of Fate Even though nobody likes it, bad luck exists. There is no way to get rid of it, it is just a part of life. Not everything can go the way someone wants it to. If something random happens to someone and it favours them, like winning the lottery, then that is good luck for that person. Likewise, if something random happens to someone and it is unfavourable, like a rampaging rhinoceros escaping from a nearby zoo and brutally slaughtering them and 23 other people, that would be bad luck. Just like everybody else, William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet are victims of bad luck. The Capulets and Montagues hate each other, Juliet has an arranged marriage to Paris, and there is a plague in the city of the messenger. And so it is bad luck and fate that ultimately cause the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Firstly, the Capulets and Montagues are at odds with each other. Members of each house and servants break into a sword fight, clashing with each other. Sampson says "Draw, if you be men. Gregory, remember thy swashing blow." (Act 1, Scene 1, Line 60). The feuding between the two families motivates Sampson to challenge the Capulets. Another example of how the two houses despise each other is what Romeo and his friends have to do to get into the Capulet feast. So they will not be recognized, Romeo, Mercutio, and Benvolio wear comic masks to hide their faces. Mercutio says, "Give me a case to put my visage in" (Act 1, Scene 4, Line 29). They do not want to be recognized because of the hatred between the two houses. Also, Romeo and Juliet are not supposed to be in love: "My only love sprung from my only hate! / Too early seen unknown, and known too late! / Prodigious birth of love it is to me, / That I must love a loathed enemy." says Juliet (Act 1, Scene 5, Lines 137-140). They are not supposed to love each other because it just so happens that each of their houses despise each other. It is unfortunate for Romeo and Juliet that their two families are against each other, because this means that they are not supposed to be married. A second stroke of bad luck is Juliet's arranged marriage to Paris. Juliet does not want to marry Paris.

Marriage and Affianced Pair Essay

1. Identify and describe the folkways that happened in your hometown during the last ten years and compare it today. Include the dressing, relationship between parents and children and the customs and traditions. 1. Mano Po – Blessing of the hand/ means â€Å"right† [opposite of â€Å"left†] and po is a word you say to show respect. Before – Usually, it’s the kids who execute the â€Å"Mano Po† although adults will also do this especially when visiting their parents, or the parents of their girlfriend. Now – the kids are not using â€Å"Mano Po† and it seems that some kids today are disrespectful to elders. But some kids are â€Å"Sosyal† because instead of using â€Å"Mano Po†, they’re just kiss their parents or elders to show their respect. 2. Po and Opo – Kind of respect you use among elders in the Filipino culture. It’s also a custom provided in the Philippines. Opo is actually 2 words. PO and o. O generally means yes or what. Po is just added on to certain sentences in Tagalog to mean respect for older people. Before – kids are saying Po and Opo to elders to show their respect. Now – some kids are not saying Po and Opo that’s why it shows that they are disrespectful. 3. Bayanihan – Filipino term taken from the word bayan, referring to a nation, town or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. Before – people are helping each other to achieve a particular objective. Now – they do not help each other and sometimes they don’t care if you need help. 4. Harana – an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women, probably a Spanish influence. It has been practiced mostly in rural areas and small towns. Before – The man, usually accompanied by his close friends, goes to the house of the woman he is courting and plays music and sings love songs to her. Now – Serenade is not popular. Because today, you can court a girl by simply texting her or sending a text messages or court a girl even in other gadgets or through technology and a girl can say yes to a boy through technology also. 5. Pamamanhikan – From the word panik [which means to ascend or to climb a house’s flight of stairs], pamamanhikan is â€Å"the asking for the girl’s parents’ permission to wed the affianced pair.† The custom symbolizes honor and respect for the parents, seeking their blessing and approval before getting married. Before – the man is going to a woman’s house to ask for the girl’s parents’ permission to wed the affianced pair. Now – even if the man did not went to a woman’s house to ask girl’s parents’ permission to wed the affianced pair, the man can still marry the woman. And sometimes, the couple are going to marry each other not because they’re ready or they’re really love each other. But because they have a baby. 6. Wearing formal clothes to church Before – people who are going to church to attend a mass are wearing a formal clothes. They are wearing long sleeves or t-shirts, pants, and dresses. Now – people who are going to church to attend a mass are wearing informal clothes. They are wearing clothes that are spaghetti straps and almost see their cleavage, mini skirts or shorts, sando’s, and sometimes they are wearing cap. 7. Saying please, thank you and excuse me Before – people who have hurt anyone would say I’m sorry; people who have received goods would say thank you; and people who have a favour or request would say please. Now – people who have hurt anyone wouldn’t say I’m sorry; people who have received goods wouldn’t say thank you; and people who have a favour or request wouldn’t say please. 2. List and compare the values of the past Filipino culture as to how it is practiced in our generation. (provide examples) 1. Tattoos used to be a big practice. There are very few left who can do the traditional tattooing. It is said that a ring of tattoo is done for every war you survive/ every man you kill. It starts from the ankles, and extends to the forehead. You have to at least reach the neckline to become a chieftan. 2. Male Circumcision is also a tradition handed down, and it is still being continued today. 3. Some people still give dowrys. Unlike dowry for westerners (which is given by females), dowry in the Philippines is offered by the groom to the bride’s family to show how much he values their daughter, or literally, how much he is willing to give to get her hand in marriage. It’s not practiced much now, except for some regions. 4. Filipino cultural values are centered around family and the Roman Catholic Church. Filipinos’ home life centers around family. Elders in the family are highly respected and generally live in the homes of the adult children. Children often reside in their parents’ home until marriage. Many social activities are based around family. 5. Filipinos are known to be devout Roman Catholics. Their Good Friday processions are world-famous for including re-enactments of the Crucifixion. All major religious holidays are observed and celebrated. Churchgoing in the Philippines is often not restricted to just Sundays; many Filipinos attend daily Mass, although this trend is decreasing.

Counseling Religious Clients

Different populations require different approaches in counseling. Counseling is a mean of attending to a person’s situation or condition using techniques, systems and approaches that differ among the groups of individuals. For instance, a raped teenager should be counsel in a different way as a homeless teenager. Conversely, African-American clients should be treated in a unique way as the Asian clients (cited in Miller, Leukefeld & Jefferson, 1994; Cook 1993). Nevertheless, just like the other populations, religious clients have unique characteristics and experiences that need a unique counseling approach.Likewise, religious clients have also unique needs for their mental health care. However, unlike the common people being counseled, religious people have sets of belief systems and values that, for a number of conditions, may interfere to the counseling program being implemented to them (Carpenter, 2003). In order to practice professionalism and ethics, counselors behave leg ally, morally and ethically. They are aware that they can only win the client’s trust and secure client’s protection by practicing high level of professional conduct (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 18).Principle D, Respect for People’s Right and Dignity, as stated in the Ethical principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct highlights: Psychologists are aware of cultural, individual, and role differences, including those due to age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone unfair discriminatory practices (1992).Counselors take into consideration the client’s personal and cultural background before deciding on the assessment instrument that he will be using in the counseling process (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 11). One of the characteristic-factors that should be checked is religion. There are no religion restrictions in the counseling activity. Nonetheless, from among the mentioned factors or clients’ considerable backgrounds, religion—the foundation of people’s moral and faith—is the most controversial.The Code of Ethics of 2005 by the Governing Council of the American Counseling Association gives light to the five overlapping ethical principles that guide the counseling practices with religious clients. The principles that can be applied focus on the counseling relationship, freedom of choice, confidentiality and privacy in counseling process, professional responsibility, and evaluation, assessment and interpretation. Counseling Relationship In counseling, clients may have diverse cultural backgrounds.In order for the counselor to practice good counseling, he must need first to understand the cultural identity that each of his clients possesses. Section A. 2. c of the Code of ethics states that à ¢â‚¬Å"counselors communicate information in ways that are both developmentally and culturally appropriate. † Counselors must deal with clients in the most culturally appropriate way. The counselor’s approach to a religious client depends highly on the knowledge he or she has about the culture and religion of the client.People restrict their thinking on the concepts of races and ethnic groups when dealing with culture—yet this broad concept also includes the religious groups. As cited by Gardner, in the 1992 edition of Counselor Education and Supervision authored by Pate and Bondi, â€Å"the term culture includes religious beliefs and practices and that religion is understood to be intimately tied to ethnic identity† (1996). From this, in understanding the values of the religious clients, the counselor takes into consideration an approach that is culturally motivated.Freedom of Choice In the macro-perspective of culture, one reason for the disagreement, dif ference or dissonance between the counselor and the religious client, is the values and belief systems of the client which for the counselor, are inappropriate. There are set of beliefs that the religious clients have, that may intervene in the counseling process. â€Å"Clients have the freedom to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship and need adequate information about the counseling process and the counselor† (Section A.2. a, 2005). Part of this principle is the right of the client to know the counselor’s values and beliefs, especially if these values may result to the restriction of the counselor’s range and ability to conduct the counseling process due to the conflicting views and beliefs between the religious client and the counselor. If this is so, clients should be given freedom to look and choose another counselor that has similar or directly related values with that of his (client). Confidentiality and Privacy in Counseling ProcessGetting the clients’ trust is one of the goals of the counselors. To achieve this, establishing and upholding boundaries, and maintaining confidentiality are given high considerations. Section B. 1. a states that â€Å"counselors maintain awareness and sensitivity regarding cultural meanings of confidentiality and privacy; counselors respect differing views toward disclosure of information† (2005). It is very crucial for the counselors to give respect and show sensitivity to the culture of the religious persons they counsel.Inquiry is important before the counselor acts on whether or not to disclose the information derived from counseling the religious client. Professional Responsibility â€Å"Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience† (Section C. 2. a, 2005). Understanding religious cli ent means having an adequate learning and understanding of their cultural beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral patterns.If the counselor can achieve this, then, it will be easier for him to understand the condition of his client. Moreover, for the success of the counseling process, the counselors should gain appropriate knowledge, awareness, sense of sensitivity, and skills relevant to the activity of working with the population of diverse backgrounds. Without good milieu and specialized training, the counselors who treat religious clients may neglect their condition and situation.With better understanding of the set of beliefs of the client, the counselor will be sensitive and intelligent enough to know what approach is to give the religious client. Evaluation, Assessment and Interpretation As summarized in Section E. 3. a of the Code, for the achievement of the goals, the counselors consider the client’s background in terms of his personal and/or cultural identity, his abilit y to understand the results based on his beliefs, and his possible reaction or the impact of the results to him.Moreover, â€Å"counselors recognize the effects of age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, spirituality, sexual orientation, and socio-economic status on test administration and interpretation, and place test results in proper perspective with other relevant factors† (Section E. 8, 2005). This is a process—first; the counselor needs to consider what counseling program is applicable to the client given sets of standards. Second, the counselor weighs all contributing factors to the possible outcome before considering results.Third, the results will be interpreted depending on the accuracy of the outcomes. Furthermore, Section A. 5. a says that â€Å"counselors avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients. † This concept, when applied to religious clients, means that the counselor must be aware of hi s or her personal opinion about the religious issues that may lead to certain reactions and overreactions—causing emotional harm to the client. Working with Religious Clients On his article, Gardner enumerated some ethical guidelines on how to work with religious clients.First, therapy in the context of evangelistic activities that promotes particular political and spiritual ideology and worldview must be avoided. Second, in the attempt to change some of the beliefs of the client that have direct effect on his or her disorder, the counselor must try to narrow down the approach and inform the client on the program he wants to implement. Third, a help from other professionals is better if dealing with the religious issue of the client is quite difficult to comprehend and accept.Fourth, counselors must try to include and integrate the religious beliefs of the client with the treatment she or he is undertaking. References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethic s. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. counseling. org Carpenter, D. (2002). Ethical Considerations in Working with Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from Gestatalt-Global Corporation website: http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html Gardner, J. N. (1996). Ethical Issues in Counseling Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html

Christianity Distinctiveness Essay

Christianity Distinctiveness Essay Christianity Distinctiveness Essay Religions are broadly defined as the quest for an experience of the Transcendent. There are similarities and differences between religions; each having differences to make that religion unique. Christianity has a few characteristics that make it distinctly different from other worldly religions. From the Bible passage John 8, 1-11, one can see some of these differences. For example, the passage gives us a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ. We have his son as a pathway to knowing and loving God. No other religion can offer that. Islam believes in Allah, a sole God. They cannot create that personal connection with God because he could not send anyone to be with them. Same with Judaism, they believe in a single God, not the trinity that Christianity believes in. This is one way Christianity differs from other religions. Another point one finds from the reading of John’s gospel is how kind Jesus is to the woman who committed adultery. He states that the one perso n who has not sinned can cast the stone at her. Since everyone has sinned, no one casts a stone and Jesus does not condemn her. Instead, he just encourages her to not sin. This is different from Buddhism’s concept of suffering. They think that the world has a constant suffering that people must end by using the Noble Eightfold Path. Christians are not given specific steps like the eightfold path to end suffering. Instead, they find guidance from Jesus to stop sins, and when they stop sinning, they have less suffering. Jesus did not

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An Came First An Came First An Came First By Maeve Maddox A reader writes: I propose that an was invented to prevent us from having to interrupt the flow of speech. And it still fills that purpose before unaccented first syllables starting with h. This comment suggests that the indefinite article form an developed from the form a as a means of facilitating pronunciation. Unlike Esperanto, English is not an invented language, but the product of more than a thousand years of development. An was not invented to facilitate the flow of language. Neither did it begin its life as â€Å"an indefinite article.† It started out as a numeric adjective. The English indefinite article a/an derives from the Old English word for one: ane. The word was written ane, anne, aenne and aene in its various declensions. As it evolved into our modern indefinite article, sometimes it signified the number one and sometimes the article a. For example, in an OE version of the New Testament parable of the workmen who are all paid the same for different amounts of work, the owner of the vineyard pays them â€Å"anne pening,† that is, â€Å"one penny.† In the account of the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan, Ohthere refers to Skiringssal as â€Å"an port,† that is, â€Å"a port.† Even in modern usage, the article a/an can be used in the sense of â€Å"one,† as in, â€Å"I’ll have a hamburger, a cherry Coke, and two orders of fries.† Like the reader whose comment prompted this post, some modern speakers feel that that an â€Å"still fills [a] purpose before unaccented first syllables starting with h.† According to a note in the OED, â€Å"many (perhaps most) writers down to the 19th century retained an before sounded h and some even before eu, u, as â€Å"an historian,† â€Å"an euphonic vowel,† and â€Å"an united appeal.† Most modern usage guides, however, recommend a. That’s not to say that you can’t say â€Å"an historic† if you want to. Related posts: A Useful Reminder About An A Historic vs. An Historic Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingConfused Words #3: Lose, Loose, Loss25 Idioms with Clean

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