Political Gvernance in Post-genocid Rwanda - 1930 Words

Political Governance in Post-genocide Rwanda Summary: Rawanda is a country full of paradoxes, difficult for outsiders to understand what is really going on there. While hearing ‘’Rwanda’’ the first thing came into many people’s mind is Genocide, massacre, poverty, corruption, and violence. Post-genocide Rawanda have been receiving considerable amount of funds from international community despite being a dictatorship along with miserable human rights record and instability in region. In today’s world Rwanda is facing one of the most serious problems with its political governance. Due to dictatorship there is little attention on vast majority and day by day people are getting poorer and less aware of their rights. Current regime is having full control over people and space. According to a research by commonwealth human Rights initiative ‘’Rwanda is an army with a state, rather than a state with an army’’. And that has led this country to witness war crimes and crimes agai nst humanity which have become a source of instability in the region. In order to understand the core problems existing in Rawanda and how international community is tolerating it by giving them funds without bringing any change on the political governance of Rwanda, this paper describes the regime’s practices. Thus, this paper will analyze the ways in which it dealt with external and internal voices, strategies it design to silence people, and its information management as well as some recommendations on the

A Startling Fact about Argumentative Essay Topics about Religion Uncovered

A Startling Fact about Argumentative Essay Topics about Religion Uncovered At some time, you're likely to be requested to compose an argumentative essay. As an issue of fact, the content of your essay is dependent on what you're likely to write about. With all these things to argue about and for, it may be a bit overwhelming to think of a topic by yourself. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. You might find something that you can use, or something you'll be able to adapt for the particular guidelines of your paper. In any case, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. One of the greatest methods to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Argumentative Essay Topics about Religion Is Wrong Well, first of all, you have to simply relax. Needless to say, topics which are still relevant in 2018 are the very best. The Do's and Don'ts of Argumentative Essay Topics about Religion The substantial debate on religion in schools is getting more and more heated. Why religion and politics shouldn't mix. The idea of religion is extremely broad. The issue is that everybody's interpretatio n of what makes a great society differs. Quite simply, the politician who would like a vote, or the fake news sites which just need a click. You are able to also restate the ideas which you've discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. In your essay, you wish to consider about the way the opposition would react to your claims and respond to them. Once you have decided on your subject, you'll want to make an outline which will organize your suggestions and make certain you are presenting your ideas I a logical manner that presents the very best case for your argument. The Ultimate Argumentative Essay Topics about Religion Trick In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. Your essay will be nice and interesting only as long as you're interested in the issue. A great topic will allow it to be simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, evidently, the whole investigatio n of the problem you speak about. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Persuasive essay writing isn't easy guaranteed. A decent argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research in place of only on your ideas and feelings. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. Books should not be banned. Life is much better than it was 50 decades ago. Speaking about something you understand well makes it a lot easier and enjoyable! Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats. Other than that, the research ought to depend on other work dedicated to exactly the same issue. The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. Just concentrate on the facets of it you're able to prove with facts. The introduction should offer general information which will be included in the write-up. Besides a good structure, you are going to want an argument, a strong thesis, and strong research. All About Argumentative Essay Topics about Religion By reading a few papers, you can find lots of new and intriguing ideas. You may use a variety of examples that can be found on the net at no cost. Along with the library, you can go on the internet and join several forums and chat rooms. It isn't possible to create an actual friend online. The very first step is where a large number of students become stuck. Both institutions are intended to control people with the aim of pursuing the interests of a little knot of individuals. Many students think that it is a waste of time. Due to the sum of pressure, a few of the students are under they get too nervous and they're not able to submit their work in time. Essay writing is just one of the eligibility criteria for students. Whenever your professor starts to read your paper, he will initially find the topic. Students are accustomed to the simple fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. Normally, the teachers or professors assign the topics independently.

International Relations Gender Inequality Issues

Question: Discuss about theInternational Relations forGender Inequality Issues. Answer: Introduction: Patriarchy is known as the social system, where males hold the primary power over females. Males hold the predominate power in the role of moral authority, social privilege, political leadership and control of property. In the extent of family also, fathers hold the power over mothers and their children. This kind of social system is highly followed in the country like India. Powerful man of the society developed and controlled this system for creating threat of violence over females. Even, such kind of gender inequality system has become a belief of every person in the society and everyone is quite habituated with such system. In such situation, molding a gender equality perspective is too much tough in the country like India. Literature Review Patriarchy system is social system males have authority over females in all aspects of the society. According to Batra and Reio (2016), gender stereotype is the most defining factor in the society of India, which leads to patriarchal system. On the other hand, Rao and Finnoff (2015) opined that patriarchal system in Indian society, is more focused on Joint family structure, where males are the head of family. According to Emran and Shilpi (2015) in case of business also, males make the rules and regulation for the business and dominate business as well as Government. On the other hand, Hughes et al. (2015) argued that females are only to bear housekeeping duty, take care of children, and most importantly support the males. Eventually, it becomes the belief of very person including both the males and females that males have every right to anything they want and dominate the females. It is ultimately abusing the females of Indian Society. In this way, gender equality perceptive is not an easy-going thing, which can be implemented in this kind of society. According to Bidner and Eswaran (2015), 54% of women in Indian Society are literate in comparison to 76% literate men. It represents that female of this kind of society get little scope of schooling and suffer from biased and unfair inheritance. On the other hand, Mohammad and Jan (2015) argued that females in the country like India are generally married young and become mother very early. In this way, women are quickly burdened with stringent financial and domestic responsibilities. In case of getting wage for an work also there are discrimination between the males and females. According to Rao and Finnoff (2015), at Rajasthan in India, most of the female workers get 30% lower salary compared to that of male workers. On the other hand, Bidner and Eswaran (2015) pointed out that strong preference of son in Indian Society lead to increasing rate of female child infanticide. Therefore, women in this kind of society are strictly restricted to show their independence and make any social change. In todays modern society, though various women empowerment strategies have been taken, but removing the tradition and typical gender inequality perception of people completely is extremely tough. According to Batra and Reio (2016), in Indian society women are to live in the house of their father while they are children and are to live in their house of husband, while they are married. There are no scope of showing their independence. On the other hand, Mohammad and Jan (2015) opined that in case of Muslim culture, the women are to face extreme discrimination than others. In this culture, women are to wear vale for hiding their face from males. They are also not allowed to go any Mosque for Namaaz. Females are generally departed from getting their inherited property, because males have more right over these properties. In this way, gender inequality in Indian Society is in every aspect of life. Furthermore, bringing the perspective of gender equality is too much complex and need more education and modern thinking on the part of people. Research Design Research Question What is the intensity of patriarchal system in Indian Society? What are the reasons of gender inequality in the Society like India? How hard it is to mold gender equality perspective of Indian Society? Hypotheses It is hard to mold gender a gender equality perspective of a country like India where patriarchal system is strongly followed It is not so hard to mold gender a gender equality perspective of a country like India where patriarchal system is strongly followed Sample In order to conduct the research, 50 male citizens and 50 female citizens of Indian Society will be selected. These respondents will be asked questions for gathering information regarding gender inequality. Methods In order to collect relevant information, both secondary and primary data collection methods will be selected. From secondary data collection, various authentic journals, books and website will be selected. On the contrary, in primary data collection method, quantitative technique will be used for directly contacting with the respondents. Among the research strategies, interview and survey method will be chosen. In quantitative data collection technique, respondents will be provided with survey questions and they will provide information based on those survey questions. Probability sampling will be chosen for collecting information from the respondents at their convenience (Keenan, van Teijlingen and Pitchforth 2015). Online survey questions will be provided to the respondents. Analytical Technique Analytical techniques are adopted for converting general information of the respondents to specific information (King and Mackey 2016). Statistical analytical tools will be adopted for the purpose of quantitative data analysis. In this section, the gathered information will be evaluated based on mean, median, mode and standard deviation. It will convert the general information to specific information in an effective manner. Apart from that, various viewpoint of the respondents over the topic of research will be gather from such analytical techniques. It will definitely enhance the quality of research output. Reference List Batra, R. and Reio, T.G., 2016. Gender inequality issues in India.Advances in Developing Human Resources,18(1), pp.88-101. Bidner, C. and Eswaran, M., 2015. A gender-based theory of the origin of the caste system of India.Journal of Development Economics,114, pp.142-158. Emran, M.S. and Shilpi, F., 2015. Gender, Geography, and Generations: Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-Reform India.World Development,72, pp.362-380. Hughes, C., Bolis, M., Fries, R. and Finigan, S., 2015. Women's economic inequality and domestic violence: exploring the links and empowering women.Gender Development,23(2), pp.279-297. Keenan, K.F., van Teijlingen, E. and Pitchforth, E., 2015. The analysis of qualitative research data in family planning and reproductive health care.Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care,31(1), pp.40-43. King, K.A. and Mackey, A., 2016. Research Methodology in Second Language Studies: Trends, Concerns, and New Directions.The Modern Language Journal,100(S1), pp.209-227. Mohammad, Y.J. and Jan, R., 2015. Community Based Midwives Practice in Patriarchal Social System.Journal of Asian Midwives (JAM),2(2), pp.62-73. Rao, S. and Finnoff, K., 2015. Marriage Migration and Inequality in India, 19832008.Population and Development Review,41(3), pp.485-505.

While the Wheel Keeps Spinning A Gradual Descent into Delightful Madness

Table of Contents Introduction: When Life Is at Stake Watching the Lead Character: Through Misery Lens Escaping the Tight Grip of Despair A Playing of Fortune: Take Him Where the Wind Blows The Moment the Earth Stood Still Conclusion: Watch the Wheel Spinning Reference List Introduction: When Life Is at Stake Though it is truly hard to say that the motif of gambling is new to most of the world literature would be a considerable stretch, it goes without saying that Ellison adds a specific touch to it, making his story – that is, the story of a man who is slowly descending into madness – incredibly vivid. Instead of moralizing over the issueAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on While the Wheel Keeps Spinning: A Gradual Descent into Delightful Madness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Watching the Lead Character: Through Misery Lens When knowing what the story is going to end with, it is quite shocking t o see that it starts from a typical setting in the most typical place ever. Telling a story of a man whose wife is gradually dying while he cannot do a thing about it, the story immediately sets a gloomy background. Even though it is generally considered that the protagonist loses his mind in the process of the game: â€Å"His faith in a bingo game turns into madness that ends with violence† (Thomas, 2008, 98). However, it can be argued that the character starts his descent into madness much earlier – to be more exact, from the very beginning of the novel. â€Å"I ain’t crazy† (Ellison, n.d., 469), he says, as if trying to convince himself. Ellison only sets the mood for the rest of the story, but also indicates that the character will be soon undergoing a series of changes. Escaping the Tight Grip of Despair Another circle of madness begins at the point where Ellison explains that the protagonist’s wife is terminally ill. Devoting a great chunk of the story to developing these two characters and the relationships between them Ellison makes it clear that her being unwell adds to the lead character’s torments. Another spin of insanity starts as the author reveals that the lead character drinks quite a lot. However, the major point, which is practically the gateway to insanity for the leading character, starts with a sudden stream of consciousness bursting under the pressure of the alcohol fumes: â€Å"The bottle gurgled again. He closed his eyes [†¦] and seeing the train coming, and running back as fast as he could go, and hearing the whistle blowing [†¦]† (Ellison, n.d., 470). One of the most graphic scenes in the book, this one in particular shows the readers how far the lead character’s insanity can go.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A Playing of Fortune: Take Him Where the Wind Blows Slowly gaining momentum, the madness of the lead character manifests itself in the most obvious way during the game. One can see it picking a faster pace in every single sentence: â€Å"He watched the wheel whirling past the numbers and experienced a burst of exaltation: This is God! This is the really truly God! He said it out loud, ‘This is God!’† (Ellison, n.d., 473). Finally, as the lead character’s turn comes to take part in the game, he loses control over his feelings, and all hell breaks loose: â€Å"’Who am I?’ he screamed† (Ellison , n.d., 475). As the madness progresses, the turmoil enters into an even more intense phase. It is quite peculiar that the magnificence of madness that grips the lead character is spilled out in the form of a silly song: â€Å"Shoot the liquor to him, Jimmy boy! / Clap-clap-clap† (Ellison, n.d., 476). The pace of the entire story somehow reminds of a music tempo, which starts at the slowest pace: â€Å"The woman in front of him was eating roasted peanuts† (Ellison, n.d., 469), progresses to the fastest one: â€Å"He stumbled down the aisle and up the steps to the stage† (Ellison, n.d., 471) and ends with the slowest pace again: â€Å"he did not see the man’s slow wink† (Ellison, n.d., 477). The Moment the Earth Stood Still One must give Ellison credit for being extremely subtle with the ending of the novel. It is quite peculiar that author does not say that the lead character dies. Ellison does not need to state the painfully obvious; instead, he develops even more details and conveys the subtle message of despair, making the latter shoot the entire novel through: â€Å"He only felt the dull pain exploding in his skull, and he knew even as it slipped out of him that his luck had run out on the stage† (Ellison, n.d., 477). It is also quite peculiar that for a moment, the leading character does get in touch with reality, only to underst and that he is going to be dead in the next few moments. A tragic climax to a tragic story, the ending leaves the impression that a delicate mechanism suddenly went wrong and finally broke into pieces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on While the Wheel Keeps Spinning: A Gradual Descent into Delightful Madness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion: Watch the Wheel Spinning Though King of the bingo game cannot be called the most thrilling read, it definitely has a unique flair and a specific touch to it, which makes the reader sink into the imaginary world, taking it for granted. Though told in a very brief manner and pointing at the most essential moments and details, the story still makes the audience sympathize with the lead character. With the help of specific pacing, the author adds a sharp edge to the narration, taking the reader into the imaginary reality. Let the game begin. Reference List Ellison, R. ( n.d.) King of the bingo game. Retrieved from https://www.csus.edu/indiv/m/maddendw/King%20Bingo%20Game.pdf Thomas, P. L. (2008). Reading, learning, teaching Ralph Ellison. New York, NY: Peter Lang. This essay on While the Wheel Keeps Spinning: A Gradual Descent into Delightful Madness was written and submitted by user Yaretzi Williamson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of the Wealthy Painter Peter Paul Rubens

Biography of the Wealthy Painter Peter Paul Rubens Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter, best known for his extravagant European style of painting. He managed to synthesize a number of factors, from the masters of the Renaissance and the early Baroque. He led a charmed life. He was attractive, well-educated, a born courtier and, by dint of talent, had a virtual lock on the portrait market in northern Europe. He was knighted, feted, grew fabulously wealthy from commissions and died before he outlived his talent. Early Life Rubens was born on June 28, 1577, in Siegen, a German province of Westphalia, where his Protestant-leaning lawyer father had relocated the family during the Counter-Reformation. Noting the boys lively intelligence, his father personally saw that young Peter received a classical education. Rubens mother, who may not have shared an affinity for the Reformation, moved her family back to Antwerp (where she owned a modest property) in 1567 after her husbands untimely death. At the age of 13, at a time when the familys remaining resources went to provide his elder sister with a marriage dowry, Rubens was sent to be a page in the home of the Countess of Lalaing. The polished manners he picked up there served him well in the years ahead, but after some (unhappy) months he got his mother to apprentice him to a painter. By 1598, he had joined the painters guild. His Art From 1600 to 1608, Rubens lived in Italy, at the service of the Duke of Mantua. During this time he carefully studied the works of the Renaissance masters. Upon his return to Antwerp, he became the court painter to the Spanish governors of Flanders and subsequently to Charles I of England (who, in fact, knighted Rubens for diplomatic work) and Marie de Medici, Queen of France. The more well-known works he turned out during the next 30 years included The Elevation of the Cross (1610), The Lion Hunt (1617-18), and Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (1617). His court portraits were in great demand, as he frequently placed their subjects in juxtaposition with gods and goddesses of mythology to better acknowledge the lofty positions of nobility and royalty. He painted religious and hunting themes, as well as landscapes, but is best known for his oft-unclothed figures who seemed to swirl in movement. He loved portraying girls with meat on their bones, and middle-aged women everywhere thank him to this day. Rubens famously said,  My talent is such that no undertaking, however vast in size...has ever surpassed my courage. Rubens, who had more requests for work than time, grew wealthy, amassed a collection of art and owned a mansion in Antwerp and a country estate. In 1630, he married his second wife (the first had died some years before), a 16-year-old girl. They spent a happy decade together before gout brought on heart failure and ended Rubens life on May 30, 1640, in the Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium). The Flemish Baroque carried on with his successors, most of whom (particularly Anthony van Dyke) he had trained. Important Works The Massacre of the Innocents, 1611The Hippopotamus Hunt, 1616The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, 1617Diana and Callisto, 1628The Judgment of Paris, 1639Self Portrait, 1639

Hooray, hooray! It’s Presidents Day!

Hooray, hooray! It’s Presidents Day! Hooray, Hooray! It’s Presidents Day! Whether you think of  Presidents Day as a patriotic celebration of our country’s political leadership, or just a day off from work and/or school, it’s surely a good time to reflect on the educational legacy of President Washington and his successors. By â€Å"educational legacy† here, we don’t mean the policies they introduced while in office or donations made to colleges; we’re interested in what our presidents were like as students. Harry Truman, College Dropout Not every president has been a â€Å"classic† educational role model, with many not graduating at all. The most recent was Harry Truman, who dropped out of business school after only one semester. To be fair, he did drop out because of his family’s financial problems rather than a lack of interest in learning. And he did later become president. So he must have been doing something right. A Very Different Playbook Would history have differed much had Gerald Ford accepted one of the two offers he received from NFL clubs after graduating from the University of Michigan? Courtesy Gerald R. Ford Library. It’s hard to say, but he managed to help the Wolverines to national titles in 1932 and 1933, as well as winning the team’s MVP award in his senior year. Whether his skills as a linebacker were at all useful in office, we can only guess. Skull and Bones Yale University’s â€Å"Skull and Bones† society is notorious for its secrecy and elitism, inviting only the most powerful students to join. This has so far included three future presidents: William Howard Taft, George H. W. Bush, and George Bush Jr. Apparently, the initiation ritual for new members involves divulging â€Å"intimate personal details, including their full sexual histories.† Sounds fine to us. After all, there’s no way giving away sensitive personal information could possibly pose a terrible blackmail risk. If there was, they wouldn’t do it, right? Right? Go Team President! On a lighter note, four future presidents have spent their college days cheerleading, including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. Wait, George Bush Jr was a cheerleader and a member of Skull and Bones? When did the man find time to study? Maybe he just didn’t bother. That’s â€Å"Dr. Woodrow,† Thank You Out of the 43 people who’ve been president, one stands out for his educational achievements: Dr. Woodrow Wilson, PhD. The only president to have a college doctorate, Wilson earned a PhD in political science from John Hopkins University, producing a dissertation called â€Å"Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics.† He later went on to teach at Bryn Mawr College. So although Woodrow might be better known for his achievements as 28th President of the United States, from now on we’ll think of him first as an academic high-achiever. Happy Presidents Day!

Quantitative Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative Analysis - Assignment Example He also discovered that this relationship depended on the level of school, subgroup status, and the location of the school. He further conducted a repeat of this study using the White’s (1982) meta-analysis to assess whether the socioeconomic achievement relationship improved since the first publication of White’s (1982) meta-analysis. The findings of this analysis indicated a small decrease in the mean correlation. He further discussed the future implication of this research and future areas of research (Sirin, 2005). Literature review Literature review can be defined as an account of what other researchers have published on the topic under investigation (Keyton, 2011). It is a critical assessment of what other researchers have done in relation to the topic under investigation. It also discusses a topic in a given area of research (Keyton, 2011). At the beginning of this research, the research presented a background of what other researchers conducted in relation to me ta-analysis. Keyton (2011) mentions researchers such as Bornstein & Bradley, 2003; Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997; Coleman, 1988; McLoyd, 1998, who stated that the socioeconomic factor is a common variable in education research. Information presented in the review indicated that since the inception of White (1982), most of education researches have focused the relation between socioeconomic factors and students achievement. Other factors revealed from the review are different types of socioeconomic factors and students’ academic achievement. The literature review was well conducted in that the researcher was in a position to present relevant information in relation to knowledge gap describing what he intended to do differently from what others conducted (Sirin, 2005). The literature review presented covered enough scope in this area of investigation because the researcher presented what was conducted before, and what he intended to do with his study. Methodology In the research m ethodology, the researcher conducted the following procedures; he applied a measure of socioeconomic status and students’ academic achievement and made a report on quantitative information in satisfactory statistical information for computation of relationships between socioeconomic status and student academic achievement. The sample selected in the research study included students from kindergarten grades through students from grade 12. The sample also included other students’ participants from the United States (Sirin, 2005). The researcher used several computer explores and manual research to obtain the best conceivable reports to represent the big number of current research studies on socioeconomic status and student academic achievement. The Education Resources Information Center, Sociological Abstracts, and PsycINFO were used in this study as computerized search engines (Sirin, 2005). Search terms like socioeconomic status, social economic class, social status, i ncome disadvantages, and the level of poverty were used to search the socioeconomic status of the students. The researcher used terms such as success achievement, and students’ performance to search for students’ academic achievement (Sirin, 2005). The two Boolean operators were developed to describe the relationship between academic achievements. All information from the database was searched from

Textbook chapter summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Textbook chapter summary - Assignment Example If a party breaks a rule or goes against the contract then a legal action is taken against it and the effected party is provided with the remedies. These remedies are designed to compensate the damage or loss the party has bore. Both the parties should pursue these aspects of obligations and remedies formulated by the law, while making a contract. The main obligation of the contract is the tender of delivery according to which the lessee is bound to deliver the goods according to the contract. The time should be flexible for the delivery. A perfect tender rule is where the buyer is allowed to reject or accept the whole shipment or a part of it within a reasonable time. The buyer or lessee has a right to withhold the delivery or the payment if anyone of them is breaching the contract or the payment is not made in due time. Both can reclaim the supplies if needed according to some specific situations. Both have the right to recover the purchase price or the damages under specific condi tions. In case of lost or missing goods the lessee could sue for the recovery of lost profit. In chapter 19 the warranties and product liabilities and its implications are being discussed. A warranty made by the seller confirms the liability and the standard of his product. If it’s a food product then the warranty implies that the food is good for human consumption and the law implies it. The chapter talks about the language that should be used in order to claim the warranty or the product liability and the terms in which the claim is applicable. A noticeable point raised in the chapter is the fact that manufacturer’s responsibility of providing quality products to the customers does not end after distributing the product to retailers and wholesalers. Instead, manufacturers should monitor the selling technique of the retailers and wholesalers and ensure

Sexual Harrrasment Policy Essay Example for Free

Sexual Harrrasment Policy Essay Abstract Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwelcomed by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment can be unwelcome sexual advances, disparaging or insulting remarks, verbal or physical conduct of an improper nature. This paper is based on research of different company’s harassment policy by team members to access the basic components of sexual harassment policy and complain procedure and how effective it is according to the EEOC. Findings indicated that most of the company’s sexual harassment and complain policy is in according to the EEOC. The results were that one of the company’s policies was found to be rather vague and the other results were that the policy and complain procedure was clear and thorough. Finally, this paper will outline the basic elements on sexual harassment policies of different companies and what they contain. Sexual Harassment Policy 3 Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment is illegal and wrongful. Sexual harassment should be prohibited in the workplace. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines sexual harassment as â€Å" unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, submission to or rejections of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual or such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. † If an individual performs any form of conduct that will interfere with an employee’s job performance or create a hostile environment should be illegal and unaccepted in the workplace. Employers should maintain a safe and healthy work environment for their employees. The company is to maintain a work environment free of all forms of harassment and insist all employees be treated with dignity, respect, and courtesy. There are a lot of sexual harassment policies that are located on the different websites, and on employee’s information board. The policy should be accessible to all employees to view at any time. If an employee cannot find their company’s sexual harassment policy, they can contact their HR Director for a copy of the policy. And your supervisor or your manager can, also, help you to locate your company’s sexual harassment policy. The sexual harassment policy for most of the companies that were researched met the basic components as listed by the EEOC. In the state of California, they are very strict when it comes Sexual Harassment Policy 4 to sexual harassment and you could be fired and could have charges brought up on you. One of the companies’s maintained a zero tolerance policy for both sexual harassment and for retaliation. And the company prohibits retaliation against anyone for reporting discriminating activity, registering a complaint pursuant to the policy, assisting in making discrimination complaint or cooperating in an investigation. Another company protects the rights and confidentiality of the employee that has filed harassment claims and is resolved in a timely manner. This company also has complaint procedures to resolve complaints at the lowest levels and when they are advised of complain the company deems resolution and follows the appropriate steps and action to resolve complaint. Employers are legally obligated to take steps to prevent discrimination and harassment and to investigate and act quickly if a complaint is made (England, 2012). But, one company’s policy wasn’t very detailed, it only detailed that sexual harassment will not be tolerated against employees. And the company’s policy did not contain the steps that one need to file a complaint, the company did not give a clear definition and didn’t guarantee the confidentiality of the victim. It is the managers and supervisors responsibility to adhere to, implement and enforce the policies that their company have in place to prevent harassment in the workplace. In one of the company’s policy it stated that the managers and supervisors have as one of their responsibilities is to promote a harassment-free environment. So, at this company their policy is being enforced. Sexual harassment policy should be communicated in the workplace at least once a year through proper training. And during these training sessions, you should train employees on what sexual harassment is and what rights they have as employees. And promote to them that they have a right to a safe, healthy workplace free of sexual harassment. And companies should make Sexual Harassment Policy 5 sure that this policy is explained by HR upon being hired. As an HR professional, these policies should be displayed in a visual area where employees may view. HR can have team meetings with the managers reinforcing the importance of these policies that they need to implement at their workplace and review the company’s complaint procedure and encourage employees to use it. Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of nay employee should not be prohibited in the workplace. Sexual Harassment Policy 6 References: Brady, B. (206) Practical Human Resources Tips, News Advice. HR Daily Advisor England, Deboah C. (2012) Preventing Employment Discrimination and Sexual Harassment. Johnson, David R (2013). An Employees Guide to Preventing Sexual Harassment Claims. Pg. 3 www. eeoc. gov/policy Sexual Harassment Policy 1 Sexual Harassment Policy 2 Abstract Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwelcomed by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment can be unwelcome sexual advances, disparaging or insulting remarks, verbal or physical conduct of an improper nature. This paper is based on research of different company’s harassment policy by team members to access the basic components of sexual harassment policy and complain procedure and how effective it is according to the EEOC. Findings indicated that most of the company’s sexual harassment and complain policy is in according to the EEOC. The results were that one of the company’s policies was found to be rather vague and the other results were that the policy and complain procedure was clear and thorough. Finally, this paper will outline the basic elements on sexual harassment policies of different companies and what they contain. Sexual Harassment Policy 3 Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of any employee at work. Sexual harassment is illegal and wrongful. Sexual harassment should be prohibited in the workplace. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines sexual harassment as â€Å" unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, submission to or rejections of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual or such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. † If an individual performs any form of conduct that will interfere with an employee’s job performance or create a hostile environment should be illegal and unaccepted in the workplace. Employers should maintain a safe and healthy work environment for their employees. The company is to maintain a work environment free of all forms of harassment and insist all employees be treated with dignity, respect, and courtesy. There are a lot of sexual harassment policies that are located on the different websites, and on employee’s information board. The policy should be accessible to all employees to view at any time. If an employee cannot find their company’s sexual harassment policy, they can contact their HR Director for a copy of the policy. And your supervisor or your manager can, also, help you to locate your company’s sexual harassment policy. The sexual harassment policy for most of the companies that were researched met the basic components as listed by the EEOC. In the state of California, they are very strict when it comes Sexual Harassment Policy 4 to sexual harassment and you could be fired and could have charges brought up on you. One of the companies’s maintained a zero tolerance policy for both sexual harassment and for retaliation. And the company prohibits retaliation against anyone for reporting discriminating activity, registering a complaint pursuant to the policy, assisting in making discrimination complaint or cooperating in an investigation. Another company protects the rights and confidentiality of the employee that has filed harassment claims and is resolved in a timely manner. This company also has complaint procedures to resolve complaints at the lowest levels and when they are advised of complain the company deems resolution and follows the appropriate steps and action to resolve complaint. Employers are legally obligated to take steps to prevent discrimination and harassment and to investigate and act quickly if a complaint is made (England, 2012). But, one company’s policy wasn’t very detailed, it only detailed that sexual harassment will not be tolerated against employees. And the company’s policy did not contain the steps that one need to file a complaint, the company did not give a clear definition and didn’t guarantee the confidentiality of the victim. It is the managers and supervisors responsibility to adhere to, implement and enforce the policies that their company have in place to prevent harassment in the workplace. In one of the company’s policy it stated that the managers and supervisors have as one of their responsibilities is to promote a harassment-free environment. So, at this company their policy is being enforced. Sexual harassment policy should be communicated in the workplace at least once a year through proper training. And during these training sessions, you should train employees on what sexual harassment is and what rights they have as employees. And promote to them that they have a right to a safe, healthy workplace free of sexual harassment. And companies should make Sexual Harassment Policy 5 sure that this policy is explained by HR upon being hired. As an HR professional, these policies should be displayed in a visual area where employees may view. HR can have team meetings with the managers reinforcing the importance of these policies that they need to implement at their workplace and review the company’s complaint procedure and encourage employees to use it. Sexual harassment is any behavior that is unwanted by an employee or affects the dignity or work performance of nay employee should not be prohibited in the workplace. Sexual Harassment Policy 6 References:

Romeo and Juliet Victims of Fate :: Free Essay Writer

Romeo and Juliet Victims of Fate Even though nobody likes it, bad luck exists. There is no way to get rid of it, it is just a part of life. Not everything can go the way someone wants it to. If something random happens to someone and it favours them, like winning the lottery, then that is good luck for that person. Likewise, if something random happens to someone and it is unfavourable, like a rampaging rhinoceros escaping from a nearby zoo and brutally slaughtering them and 23 other people, that would be bad luck. Just like everybody else, William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet are victims of bad luck. The Capulets and Montagues hate each other, Juliet has an arranged marriage to Paris, and there is a plague in the city of the messenger. And so it is bad luck and fate that ultimately cause the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Firstly, the Capulets and Montagues are at odds with each other. Members of each house and servants break into a sword fight, clashing with each other. Sampson says "Draw, if you be men. Gregory, remember thy swashing blow." (Act 1, Scene 1, Line 60). The feuding between the two families motivates Sampson to challenge the Capulets. Another example of how the two houses despise each other is what Romeo and his friends have to do to get into the Capulet feast. So they will not be recognized, Romeo, Mercutio, and Benvolio wear comic masks to hide their faces. Mercutio says, "Give me a case to put my visage in" (Act 1, Scene 4, Line 29). They do not want to be recognized because of the hatred between the two houses. Also, Romeo and Juliet are not supposed to be in love: "My only love sprung from my only hate! / Too early seen unknown, and known too late! / Prodigious birth of love it is to me, / That I must love a loathed enemy." says Juliet (Act 1, Scene 5, Lines 137-140). They are not supposed to love each other because it just so happens that each of their houses despise each other. It is unfortunate for Romeo and Juliet that their two families are against each other, because this means that they are not supposed to be married. A second stroke of bad luck is Juliet's arranged marriage to Paris. Juliet does not want to marry Paris.

Marriage and Affianced Pair Essay

1. Identify and describe the folkways that happened in your hometown during the last ten years and compare it today. Include the dressing, relationship between parents and children and the customs and traditions. 1. Mano Po – Blessing of the hand/ means â€Å"right† [opposite of â€Å"left†] and po is a word you say to show respect. Before – Usually, it’s the kids who execute the â€Å"Mano Po† although adults will also do this especially when visiting their parents, or the parents of their girlfriend. Now – the kids are not using â€Å"Mano Po† and it seems that some kids today are disrespectful to elders. But some kids are â€Å"Sosyal† because instead of using â€Å"Mano Po†, they’re just kiss their parents or elders to show their respect. 2. Po and Opo – Kind of respect you use among elders in the Filipino culture. It’s also a custom provided in the Philippines. Opo is actually 2 words. PO and o. O generally means yes or what. Po is just added on to certain sentences in Tagalog to mean respect for older people. Before – kids are saying Po and Opo to elders to show their respect. Now – some kids are not saying Po and Opo that’s why it shows that they are disrespectful. 3. Bayanihan – Filipino term taken from the word bayan, referring to a nation, town or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. Before – people are helping each other to achieve a particular objective. Now – they do not help each other and sometimes they don’t care if you need help. 4. Harana – an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women, probably a Spanish influence. It has been practiced mostly in rural areas and small towns. Before – The man, usually accompanied by his close friends, goes to the house of the woman he is courting and plays music and sings love songs to her. Now – Serenade is not popular. Because today, you can court a girl by simply texting her or sending a text messages or court a girl even in other gadgets or through technology and a girl can say yes to a boy through technology also. 5. Pamamanhikan – From the word panik [which means to ascend or to climb a house’s flight of stairs], pamamanhikan is â€Å"the asking for the girl’s parents’ permission to wed the affianced pair.† The custom symbolizes honor and respect for the parents, seeking their blessing and approval before getting married. Before – the man is going to a woman’s house to ask for the girl’s parents’ permission to wed the affianced pair. Now – even if the man did not went to a woman’s house to ask girl’s parents’ permission to wed the affianced pair, the man can still marry the woman. And sometimes, the couple are going to marry each other not because they’re ready or they’re really love each other. But because they have a baby. 6. Wearing formal clothes to church Before – people who are going to church to attend a mass are wearing a formal clothes. They are wearing long sleeves or t-shirts, pants, and dresses. Now – people who are going to church to attend a mass are wearing informal clothes. They are wearing clothes that are spaghetti straps and almost see their cleavage, mini skirts or shorts, sando’s, and sometimes they are wearing cap. 7. Saying please, thank you and excuse me Before – people who have hurt anyone would say I’m sorry; people who have received goods would say thank you; and people who have a favour or request would say please. Now – people who have hurt anyone wouldn’t say I’m sorry; people who have received goods wouldn’t say thank you; and people who have a favour or request wouldn’t say please. 2. List and compare the values of the past Filipino culture as to how it is practiced in our generation. (provide examples) 1. Tattoos used to be a big practice. There are very few left who can do the traditional tattooing. It is said that a ring of tattoo is done for every war you survive/ every man you kill. It starts from the ankles, and extends to the forehead. You have to at least reach the neckline to become a chieftan. 2. Male Circumcision is also a tradition handed down, and it is still being continued today. 3. Some people still give dowrys. Unlike dowry for westerners (which is given by females), dowry in the Philippines is offered by the groom to the bride’s family to show how much he values their daughter, or literally, how much he is willing to give to get her hand in marriage. It’s not practiced much now, except for some regions. 4. Filipino cultural values are centered around family and the Roman Catholic Church. Filipinos’ home life centers around family. Elders in the family are highly respected and generally live in the homes of the adult children. Children often reside in their parents’ home until marriage. Many social activities are based around family. 5. Filipinos are known to be devout Roman Catholics. Their Good Friday processions are world-famous for including re-enactments of the Crucifixion. All major religious holidays are observed and celebrated. Churchgoing in the Philippines is often not restricted to just Sundays; many Filipinos attend daily Mass, although this trend is decreasing.

Counseling Religious Clients

Different populations require different approaches in counseling. Counseling is a mean of attending to a person’s situation or condition using techniques, systems and approaches that differ among the groups of individuals. For instance, a raped teenager should be counsel in a different way as a homeless teenager. Conversely, African-American clients should be treated in a unique way as the Asian clients (cited in Miller, Leukefeld & Jefferson, 1994; Cook 1993). Nevertheless, just like the other populations, religious clients have unique characteristics and experiences that need a unique counseling approach.Likewise, religious clients have also unique needs for their mental health care. However, unlike the common people being counseled, religious people have sets of belief systems and values that, for a number of conditions, may interfere to the counseling program being implemented to them (Carpenter, 2003). In order to practice professionalism and ethics, counselors behave leg ally, morally and ethically. They are aware that they can only win the client’s trust and secure client’s protection by practicing high level of professional conduct (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 18).Principle D, Respect for People’s Right and Dignity, as stated in the Ethical principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct highlights: Psychologists are aware of cultural, individual, and role differences, including those due to age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone unfair discriminatory practices (1992).Counselors take into consideration the client’s personal and cultural background before deciding on the assessment instrument that he will be using in the counseling process (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 11). One of the characteristic-factors that should be checked is religion. There are no religion restrictions in the counseling activity. Nonetheless, from among the mentioned factors or clients’ considerable backgrounds, religion—the foundation of people’s moral and faith—is the most controversial.The Code of Ethics of 2005 by the Governing Council of the American Counseling Association gives light to the five overlapping ethical principles that guide the counseling practices with religious clients. The principles that can be applied focus on the counseling relationship, freedom of choice, confidentiality and privacy in counseling process, professional responsibility, and evaluation, assessment and interpretation. Counseling Relationship In counseling, clients may have diverse cultural backgrounds.In order for the counselor to practice good counseling, he must need first to understand the cultural identity that each of his clients possesses. Section A. 2. c of the Code of ethics states that à ¢â‚¬Å"counselors communicate information in ways that are both developmentally and culturally appropriate. † Counselors must deal with clients in the most culturally appropriate way. The counselor’s approach to a religious client depends highly on the knowledge he or she has about the culture and religion of the client.People restrict their thinking on the concepts of races and ethnic groups when dealing with culture—yet this broad concept also includes the religious groups. As cited by Gardner, in the 1992 edition of Counselor Education and Supervision authored by Pate and Bondi, â€Å"the term culture includes religious beliefs and practices and that religion is understood to be intimately tied to ethnic identity† (1996). From this, in understanding the values of the religious clients, the counselor takes into consideration an approach that is culturally motivated.Freedom of Choice In the macro-perspective of culture, one reason for the disagreement, dif ference or dissonance between the counselor and the religious client, is the values and belief systems of the client which for the counselor, are inappropriate. There are set of beliefs that the religious clients have, that may intervene in the counseling process. â€Å"Clients have the freedom to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship and need adequate information about the counseling process and the counselor† (Section A.2. a, 2005). Part of this principle is the right of the client to know the counselor’s values and beliefs, especially if these values may result to the restriction of the counselor’s range and ability to conduct the counseling process due to the conflicting views and beliefs between the religious client and the counselor. If this is so, clients should be given freedom to look and choose another counselor that has similar or directly related values with that of his (client). Confidentiality and Privacy in Counseling ProcessGetting the clients’ trust is one of the goals of the counselors. To achieve this, establishing and upholding boundaries, and maintaining confidentiality are given high considerations. Section B. 1. a states that â€Å"counselors maintain awareness and sensitivity regarding cultural meanings of confidentiality and privacy; counselors respect differing views toward disclosure of information† (2005). It is very crucial for the counselors to give respect and show sensitivity to the culture of the religious persons they counsel.Inquiry is important before the counselor acts on whether or not to disclose the information derived from counseling the religious client. Professional Responsibility â€Å"Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience† (Section C. 2. a, 2005). Understanding religious cli ent means having an adequate learning and understanding of their cultural beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral patterns.If the counselor can achieve this, then, it will be easier for him to understand the condition of his client. Moreover, for the success of the counseling process, the counselors should gain appropriate knowledge, awareness, sense of sensitivity, and skills relevant to the activity of working with the population of diverse backgrounds. Without good milieu and specialized training, the counselors who treat religious clients may neglect their condition and situation.With better understanding of the set of beliefs of the client, the counselor will be sensitive and intelligent enough to know what approach is to give the religious client. Evaluation, Assessment and Interpretation As summarized in Section E. 3. a of the Code, for the achievement of the goals, the counselors consider the client’s background in terms of his personal and/or cultural identity, his abilit y to understand the results based on his beliefs, and his possible reaction or the impact of the results to him.Moreover, â€Å"counselors recognize the effects of age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, spirituality, sexual orientation, and socio-economic status on test administration and interpretation, and place test results in proper perspective with other relevant factors† (Section E. 8, 2005). This is a process—first; the counselor needs to consider what counseling program is applicable to the client given sets of standards. Second, the counselor weighs all contributing factors to the possible outcome before considering results.Third, the results will be interpreted depending on the accuracy of the outcomes. Furthermore, Section A. 5. a says that â€Å"counselors avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients. † This concept, when applied to religious clients, means that the counselor must be aware of hi s or her personal opinion about the religious issues that may lead to certain reactions and overreactions—causing emotional harm to the client. Working with Religious Clients On his article, Gardner enumerated some ethical guidelines on how to work with religious clients.First, therapy in the context of evangelistic activities that promotes particular political and spiritual ideology and worldview must be avoided. Second, in the attempt to change some of the beliefs of the client that have direct effect on his or her disorder, the counselor must try to narrow down the approach and inform the client on the program he wants to implement. Third, a help from other professionals is better if dealing with the religious issue of the client is quite difficult to comprehend and accept.Fourth, counselors must try to include and integrate the religious beliefs of the client with the treatment she or he is undertaking. References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethic s. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. counseling. org Carpenter, D. (2002). Ethical Considerations in Working with Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from Gestatalt-Global Corporation website: http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html Gardner, J. N. (1996). Ethical Issues in Counseling Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html

Christianity Distinctiveness Essay

Christianity Distinctiveness Essay Christianity Distinctiveness Essay Religions are broadly defined as the quest for an experience of the Transcendent. There are similarities and differences between religions; each having differences to make that religion unique. Christianity has a few characteristics that make it distinctly different from other worldly religions. From the Bible passage John 8, 1-11, one can see some of these differences. For example, the passage gives us a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ. We have his son as a pathway to knowing and loving God. No other religion can offer that. Islam believes in Allah, a sole God. They cannot create that personal connection with God because he could not send anyone to be with them. Same with Judaism, they believe in a single God, not the trinity that Christianity believes in. This is one way Christianity differs from other religions. Another point one finds from the reading of John’s gospel is how kind Jesus is to the woman who committed adultery. He states that the one perso n who has not sinned can cast the stone at her. Since everyone has sinned, no one casts a stone and Jesus does not condemn her. Instead, he just encourages her to not sin. This is different from Buddhism’s concept of suffering. They think that the world has a constant suffering that people must end by using the Noble Eightfold Path. Christians are not given specific steps like the eightfold path to end suffering. Instead, they find guidance from Jesus to stop sins, and when they stop sinning, they have less suffering. Jesus did not

An Came First

An Came First An Came First An Came First By Maeve Maddox A reader writes: I propose that an was invented to prevent us from having to interrupt the flow of speech. And it still fills that purpose before unaccented first syllables starting with h. This comment suggests that the indefinite article form an developed from the form a as a means of facilitating pronunciation. Unlike Esperanto, English is not an invented language, but the product of more than a thousand years of development. An was not invented to facilitate the flow of language. Neither did it begin its life as â€Å"an indefinite article.† It started out as a numeric adjective. The English indefinite article a/an derives from the Old English word for one: ane. The word was written ane, anne, aenne and aene in its various declensions. As it evolved into our modern indefinite article, sometimes it signified the number one and sometimes the article a. For example, in an OE version of the New Testament parable of the workmen who are all paid the same for different amounts of work, the owner of the vineyard pays them â€Å"anne pening,† that is, â€Å"one penny.† In the account of the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan, Ohthere refers to Skiringssal as â€Å"an port,† that is, â€Å"a port.† Even in modern usage, the article a/an can be used in the sense of â€Å"one,† as in, â€Å"I’ll have a hamburger, a cherry Coke, and two orders of fries.† Like the reader whose comment prompted this post, some modern speakers feel that that an â€Å"still fills [a] purpose before unaccented first syllables starting with h.† According to a note in the OED, â€Å"many (perhaps most) writers down to the 19th century retained an before sounded h and some even before eu, u, as â€Å"an historian,† â€Å"an euphonic vowel,† and â€Å"an united appeal.† Most modern usage guides, however, recommend a. That’s not to say that you can’t say â€Å"an historic† if you want to. Related posts: A Useful Reminder About An A Historic vs. An Historic Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingConfused Words #3: Lose, Loose, Loss25 Idioms with Clean

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1 (MA EDUCATION) - EVIDENCE FROM A CRITICAL Essay

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1 (MA EDUCATION) - EVIDENCE FROM A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF AN APPROPRIATE PUBLISHED RESARCH PAPER - Essay Example ary was a one which had an intercept, a linear growth rate term and a quadratic term (level 1) and had maternal lexical input, language and literacy skills and depression as the significant predictors (level 2). The observed variation was positively related to diversity of maternal lexical input and maternal language and literacy skills, and negatively related to maternal depression. Maternal talkativeness was not related to growth in children’s’ vocabulary production in the study sample. Finally, the authors discuss the implications of the examination of longitudinal data from this relatively large sample of low-income families. 2. Are the rates of change in children’s observed vocabulary production related to maternal communicative input, maternal education, maternal language and literacy skills, or maternal depression, controlling for child gender and birth order, maternal age, family income, and family participation in an intervention program? CES-D: The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies –Depression (CES –D; Radloff, 1977) scale, on which adults rate on a 4-point scale the frequency with which they have recently experienced 20 depressive symptoms Child Abuse Potential: An inventory was designed primarily as a screening tool for the detection of physical child abuse by protective services workers in their investigations of reported child abuse cases (Milner, 1986) CHILDES: Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES; MacWhinney, 2000) is a system of transcribing, coding and storing information pertaining to communication in children, notably in the form of words and gestures Early head start: A program within Head Start that promotes healthy prenatal outcomes, promotes healthy family functioning, and strengthens the development of infants and toddlers beginning as young as newborn infants. Individual growth modelling: This is a statistical method of analyzing data by fitting the data to various candidate models, represented as growth equations.